By the end of the post you’ll find the code along with a small command line JAVA program to play with, but let me first describe the specifications of the real time search engine prototype that I’m targeting here.

Basically it should take as input a  search query and return as output a ranked set of URLs that would correspond to the latest hot news around that search query.

In some way it is similar to what you would expect to find on google news or in one of the dozens real time search engine that were released last year (let’s cite oneriot, crowdeye and collecta).

The goal of my prototype is to demonstrate how to leverage twitter and a simple ranking algorithm to obtain most of the time relevant URLs in response of hot queries, without having to crawl a single web page! As my primary target is relevancy, I won’t invest any effort on performance or scalability of the prototype (retrieved results will be build at query time).

High level description of the prototype

Basically what I did is to use the twitter API through a java library called twitter4j to retrieve all the latest tweets containing the input query and that contains a link. For very hot queries, you’re likely to get a lot of those (I put a limit of the last 150 but you’ll be able to change it). Once I got my “link farm”, what I do is to build a basic ranking algorithm that would rank first the URLs that are the most referenced.

As most of the URLs in tweets are shortened URLs, the trick is to spot the same URLs that were shortened by different shortening services. For instance both of the following shortened URLs points to a same page of my blog: http://tinyurl.com/yajkgeg and http://bit.ly/SmHw6. It can sounds as a corner case but it actually happens all the time on hot queries. So the idea is to convert all the short URLs in their expanded version. To see how to write an universal URL expander in JAVA that would work for the 90 + existing URL shortening services check the post that is referenced by the two short URLs above.

Note that you can improve the ranking algorithm in tons of way, by exploiting the text in the tweets or who actually wrote the tweet (reputation) or using other sources like digg and much more, but as we’ll see, even in its simplest form, the ranking algorithm presented above works pretty well.

Playing with some hot queries

To find some hot queries to play with, you can for instance take one of the google hot trends queries (unfortunately down from 100 to 40 to 20). Let’s try with a very hot topic while I’m writing this post: the google Nexus One phone that was about to be presented to the press two days after I started to wrote this post.

Below I have compiled the results obtained respectively by Google News, OneRiot and my toy prototype on the query “nexus one”. Click the picture to enlarge.

I hope you enjoyed my killer UI :). But let’s focus on the three URLs corresponding of the first result of each one:

• Google news: An article from timeonline
• OneRiot: An article from sky news
• The prototype: An article from engadget

Given the fact that at the time I issued the query, the Nexus one was not yet released, I would say that the article that the prototype found is the best one since it is the only one that present an exclusive video demonstrating the not yet released phone. This is also why so much people were twitting about this link: because it was the best at that precise time! We’ll see even more in the next section.

Before, let’s try with another hot query today (in the top 20 hottest queries of google hot trends): “byron de la beckwith”.

That time, it is not clear what is the story/news hidden behind that hot query but running it on the prototype gives as the first link the article below (click on the picture if you want to see the full article).

Again this is a very relevant result (oneRiot and Google News gave the same one at that time).

The temporal aspect of hot queries

What is interesting with hot queries is that you expect the result to change even within a short amount of time. Indeed, any story or breaking news generally evolve as new elements comes in. As promised let’s follow our “nexus one” query.

In the previous section, the prototype’s first result was a very relevant article from engadget. I relaunched the same query, but after 12 hours. The first ranked result returned by my prototype gives me now a different result: still another article from engadget (see picture below), but that time with a much more in depth review of the phone with more videos including a very funny comparison between the android, iphone and nexus one.

Then I waited for Google doing its press conference one day later. I issued the query again. Can you guess what was the first link given by my prototype? You got it, the official Google Nexus One website.

Again this is not a corner case. This temporal aspect happens all the time, for any type of breaking news or events. As a last example of that phenomenon, let’s take the movie avatar. The first days before and after that the movie were released, all you got is links to see the trailer or even the movie. Now, few weeks after, what you get is a very fast changing list of links around fun pictures of parodies of the movie with title like “Do you want to date my avatar” (picture below) or a letter attempting to prove that avatar is  actually Pocahontas in 3d :).

Playing by yourself with the prototype

If you just want to run the prototype through the command line

You must  have java 6 installed (you can check by opening a console and type java -version). On recent mac, see those instructions for having java 6 ready to use in a snap.
Then just download this zip archive: jarsDependencies.zip.
Save it and extract it somewhere in your computer. It will create a directory named prototypeJars.
Open a command prompt. Go inside the directory prototypeJars.

If you are on windows, just type:

java -cp "*;" com.philippeadjiman.rtseproto.RealTimeSEPrototype "nexus one" 150 OFF

If you are on Linux or Mac just type:

java -cp "*" com.philippeadjiman.rtseproto.RealTimeSEPrototype "nexus one" 150 OFF

You’ll notice the three last arguments (all are mandatory):

• “nexus one”: is the query. Type whatever you want here but keep the quotes.
• 150: is the maximum number of tweets to retrieve from the timeline. Put whatever number between 1 and 1000 but 150 is good enough.
• OFF: whether or not you want the prototype to expand the short URLs. If you put ON, you should be patient, it may take a while. Even if duplicate short URLs happen all the time, going with OFF gives a good approximation of which are the leading results. Unless a problem with Twitter, putting OFF should provide you the results within few seconds.

Only the top 20 first results will be printed.

If you want to play with the code

As the title suggests, that just few hundreds lines of (JAVA) code. As it is a toy project and to keep things simple I voluntarily didn’t use any DI framework like spring or guice and tried to use as less external libraries as possible unless necessary (even no log4j!). I did wrote a minimal amount of unit tests since I cannot code without it and I did use the google-collections library for the same reason :).

Also I tried to wrote at least a minimal amount of comments, in particular where I think the code should be improved a lot for better performance but remember: the prototype is of course not scalable as it does not rely on any indexing strategy (it computes the results at query time). Building a real a real search engine would at first involve building an index offline (using lucene for instance).

You’ll find the source code here prototype_src.zip.

If you are using maven and eclipse (or other popular IDE), you should be ready to go in less than a minute by unpacking the zip, typing “mvn eclipse:eclipse” and importing the existing project.

Some final remarks

What I wanted to prove here is mainly that without crawling a single webpage, you can answer to “hot queries” with a relevancy comparable to what you can find on google news or any “real time search engine”. This is made possible by judiciously using the tremendous power that twitter provide with its open API.

Of course building a real “real time search engine” would require much more than few hundred lines of code 🙂 and hundreds of features could be added to that prototype, but I would keep two core principles:

• real time search results should be links and not micro blogging text like tweets. The text of some tweets can be relevant but as a secondary level of information.
• let the “real time crowd” do the ranking for you. If a link is related in some way with your query and was highly and recently tweeted or digged (you name it), then there is a good chance that it will be a relevant “real time” result.

In that sense, among the dozens of real time search engines I have tested, my favorite one remains oneriot.

This is for the “pull” side of the things (when the user knows what to search for). I did not talk about the “push” side of the real time web here, probably in another post…

If you have issues running the prototype or any other question/remark, please shoot a comment.

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